INDUSTRY

INDUSTRY

An industry (from Latin industrious,"diligent, industrious")

is the manufacturing of a good or service within a category.^[Although industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in economics and urban planning industry is a synonym for the secondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturing of raw materials into goods and products.

There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law and medicine) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design and development such as computer programming, and biochemistry. A fifth quinary sector has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The economy is also broadly separated into public sector and private sector, with industry generally categorized as private.

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the steel and coal production. It is aided by technological advances, and has continued to develop into new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily establishing links with previously unreachable world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Following the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries—more than agriculture's share.

Many developed countries (for example the UK, the U.S., and Canada) and many developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) depend significantly on industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.

History

Industrial history

1.Proto-industry:

(proto-industrialisation)

Early industries involved manufacturing goods for trade, including weapons, clothing, pottery. In medieval Europe, industry became dominated by the guilds in cities and towns, who mutual support for the member's interests, and maintained standards of workmanship and ethical conduct.

2.Industrial development
industrialisation

The industrial revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.

3.Declining industries

deindustrialisation

Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when the automobile was mass-produced.

A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations toward a post-industrial society. This is manifested by an increase in the service sector at the expense of manufacturing, and the development of an information-based economy, the so-called informational revolution. In a post-industrial society, manufacturing is relocated to more economically-favorable locations through a process of offshoring.

4.industrial technology

Industrial technology

There are several branches of technology and engineering specialised for industrial application. This includes mathematical models, patented inventions and craft skills. See automation, industrial architecture, industrial design, industrial process, industrial arts and industrial applicability.

5.Industry and society

Industrial society

An industrial society can be defined in many ways. Today, industry is an important part of most societies and nations. A government must have some kind of industrial policy, regulating industrial placement, industrial pollution, financing and industrial labor.

6.Industrial labor

Industrial labor

Further information: industrial sociology, industrial and organizational psychology, industrial district, and industrial par

In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of labor. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This movement first rose among industrial workers.

7.Industry and war

Industrial warfare

The industrial revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, mobilization, the total war concept and weapons of mass destruction. Early instances of industrial warfare were the Crimean War and the American Civil War, but its full potential showed during the world wars. See also military-industrial complex, arms industry, military industry and modern warfare.

8.Industry and the environment

Organization, management, and economics Industrial organization

Further information: Industrial loan company

The industry is completely linked to th enviroment. It is the by the mean of the enviroment the industry is what it is now. But dut to the halfhazard and unconciously use of the resources the quality of the enviroment is degrading rapidly and this can may finally to the great disaster i.e. the collapse of thewhole earth. The major cause is the pollution and the population growth.

9.Economic views of industry

Philosophers and economists have developed many different views of industry. See physiocrats, Adam Smith, capitalism, Marxism and Colin Clark's Sector model. From the economic point of the view , today the industry has been the one and only the means and the method to make the country sucessful in the whole world. Industry is the backbone for the economic condition of the country. It is the major point to increase the GDP and GNP of the any country.

10.Industry sectors and classification

Industrial sector

There are many other different kinds of industries, and they are usually divided into different classes or sectors. The primary sector of industry is agriculture, mining and raw material extraction. The secondary sector of industry is manufacturing - which is what is colloquially meant by the word "industry". The tertiary sector of industry is service production. Sometimes one talks about a quaternary sector of industry, consisting of intellectual services such as R&D.

By product:

chemical industry, petroleum industry,

meatpacking industry, hospitality industry,

food industry, fish industry,

software industry, paper industry,

entertainment industry,semiconductor industry,

cultural industry,poverty,industry,

labor-intensive industry,capital-intensive, and

industrylight industry(heavy industry)

E-governance in Nepal

ENRD's intervention
ENRD is regularly conducting awareness program to the local communities in rural villages on the available online services of Nepal government. Telecenters established by the collaborative efforts of rural villages and local government are gradually getting priority in their VDC level action plan so as to flow the information of Nepal government throgh ICT. These telecenters are not only disseminating Nepal government information in local level but also trying to pull local content in the central level. Further working closely with Purbanchal university, ENRD team is also engaged in designing and teaching e-governence courses in selective colleges.

1.Historical Background:

Nepal the Himalayan kingdom lies between India and China. It has covered 147.181 sq. km. Land of the world. The country is divided administratively into 5 development regions and 75 districts. 3915 Village Development Committees (VDCs) and 58 Municipalities are the lowest

administrative local level units. Ecologically it is divided into three ecological regions called Mountains, Hills and Tarai. Total population of the country is 22,736,934. Those of them 1,585,092 lies in Himalayan region, 9,996,975 lies in Hill region and 11,154,867 lies in Tarai region. Only 65.2% are educated in country (CBS, 2001). Those of them very few are aware with benefit of the Information Technology.

His Majesties Government, in 1971, introduced Information Technology to process the National population census data. National Computer Center was established in 1974 with the objective of providing IT training within Nepal. NCC, developed software for various government agencies, processed examination results for SLC Board and Tribhuvan University. It also conducted regular training courses on Computer Literacy and software applications. NCC was dissolved in 1998 and currently there is an absence of a computer-training institution in the government sector.
rivate sector began its activity in early eighties after the introduction of Personal computers. In 1992 Mercantile Communication Pvt. Ltd. (MCPL) started commercial E-mail through Internet and in 1995 it was formally registered with HMG/N as first Internet Service Provider (ISP). Since 1999 Government has liberalized its policy to use own VSAT. Since then the number of ISPs are increased and so the price of Internet service is decreasing in country. Now here are more then 15 ISPs and around 115,000 Internet users (NPC, 2002).

There are about forty software development companies, two hundred plus companies are involved in IT trading and more than five hundred training institutes are taking part in operation training at different levels. Government and public sector has recently started academic IT courses in their respective Institutions. There are few computers in different government Institutions and most of them are used for word-processing purposes. Computerization and IT applications implementation in the government is very low. In 2000 HMG/N has declared Information Technology Policy, B.S. 2057 (2000) with the following objectives.> To make information technology accessible to the general public and increase employment through this means. > To build a knowledge-based society. >To establish knowledge-based industries.
According to the policy an info-super highway and IT park plan are processing ahead.

2. Available Systems and Resources in the Country

2.1. Human Resource DevelopmentEducational institutions have recently started IT curriculum; therefore, most of the higher education by the Nepalese students in Information and Communication Technology is obtained from abroad. Ministry of Science & Technology has granted RS. 10 million from fiscal year 056/57 as seed money to different Private and public Universities to strengthen their capabilities of producing IT workforce. The history of technical education in Nepal can be traced back to the early 40?s but technical courses like Electrical Engineering was only started around mid sixties. The Kathmandu University started B. E. in computer engineering in 1994 and the Institute of Engineering (IOE) started computer science courses only in 1998. Kathmandu University has already produced about 50 computer-engineering graduates to date. Pokhara University also offers bachelor level Computer Engineering and Electronics Engineering courses. Similarly, Purvanchal University (Eastern University) and its affiliates have started a program of Bachelor in Computer Application since 1999.

Although four universities have already started IT related graduate programs in computer engineering / application and computer sciences. The number of students graduating remain below 100 per year. Some private colleges offer Bachelor of Computer Science programs with the affiliation of TU and more than 60 students are expected to graduate. Kathmandu University affiliates also offer Bachelor level course in IT. None of the universities offer master?s degree in IT, except Post Graduate Diploma Course recently started by Nepal Engineering Collage. In addition to the in-country program of IT, a large number of Nepalese students are studying computer engineering and computer science and related subjects in foreign countries. Basically the computer professionals and experts working in Nepal are trained from foreign countries. A large number of Nepalese students study computer science and computer engineering in India. The number of Nepalese students studying computer science in the US is also growing every year. The decade of nineties is noted for the beginning of IT education in Nepal, computer courses are included in the curriculum as optional subject for the School Leaving Certificate (SLC) board examination and the private schools have started to conduct regular computer classes.

STRENGTH

2.1.1. Key strength of HRDa:
Recently Started to produce manpower therefore could incorporate changes in the system to produce manpower as per the requirements of the market. b. Policy makers are aware of importance of IT application for the Development of the nation. c. New Institutions are emerging to fulfill the IT human resources. d. In IT Policy 2000 Government has declared A long-term program with a slogan "Computer education to all by 2010 A.D."

2.2. Institutional and legal framework of IT in GovernmentAlready, Ministry of Science and Technology has established the concept of IT park is developed and going ahead. Cyber laws formulation is in progress. Some sectors in government are using IT applications, generally speaking not enough Utilization of IT in the government. The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) has recently installed a VSAT to give Internet connections and develop government network between the government Ministries and Departments. With minor upgrading it will be able to provide access to rural areas up to Village development committee level. Mainly there are two high-level legal government committees, The National Information Technology Development Council (NITDC) and National Information Technology Co-ordination Committee (NITCC) are responsible for making IT plan and strategy in Nepal.

2.3. International and National projects activitiesSpecially, Financial Management Project (FMP), and Rural-Urban Partnership Program (RUPP) are dedicated to bring the concept of implementing E-Governance in Nepal. FMP is a joint venture project of DFID and HMG/N. It works for financial management sector since 9 years. The project is one of the highly successful project in the ranking of DFID and has provided major impact on enhanced cash flows, improved transparency and disbursement rates, reduced time in budget formulation, authorization and release, immediate financial management information for HMG/N and Donor, improved macro and micro economic management.
Bharatpur Municipality, being the first municipality to launch E-Governance in Nepal with support from RUPP/UNDP. After realizing the successful implementation of E-Governance in Bharatpur, RUPP is supporting remaining partner municipalities to replicate the model of E-Governance of Bharatpur. Municipalities where ISPs are available at the present situation have shown their keen interest in implementing E-Governance and have vigorously started the awareness on E-Governance in respective municipalities through the community mobilization process of RUPP. Most of these municipalities have completed the development of E-Governance portal as well. RUPP has supported all 12-partner municipalities to establish an Urban Information Center with well-trained staff permanently deputed to the Center. The staff was trained in line with the Municipality?s commitment to e-governance. Staffs have been deputed to operationalize the E-Governance unit of the municipality. Similarly, RUPP has also established a well-set Human Resource Development Center (HRDC), which, presently, has been strengthening to cater training and orientation regarding good governance and poverty alleviation.

2.4. Private sector activitiesMore than 500 Private training Institutes exist in operation but the quality and standard varies drastically. There are more than fifty private firms involved in the development of software for domestic market as well as foreign market for the last few years. Recently a number of foreign firms have started outsourcing their work into Nepal.

2.5. AssociationComputer Association of Nepal (CAN) was established in December 1992. The association has been formed as an autonomous, non-political, non-profit making service oriented organization with the involvement of professionals, specialists, vendors, software developers, manufacturers and information technology experts within the country.

2.6. Telephone and Internet InfrastructureWithout telephone or Internet no one can imagine E-governance mechanism. Telephone service is available to all the headquarters of the 75 districts. More then 15 ISPs are operating in main cities of the country. Average internet connection speed available to consumer are 33.6 kbps to 56kbps. The current international bandwidth (b/w) of Nepal for Internet is 12 Mbps downlink and 5Mbps uplink. Nepal Telephone Corporation is providing 9.6Kbps to 2048Kbps of leased line connectivity. ISPs of Nepal are providing e-mail, web designing, domain registration, web Hosting, Fax to Fax, GIS, e-commerce etc services

3. Opportunities

OPPURNITIES

3. Opportunities:

The following are IT opportunities in Nepal.

3.1 Global shortage of IT manpower.

3.2 Employment shortage of IT manpower.

3.3 Manpower available at cheaper rates.

3.4 Geo Politically suitable industry for exports.

3.5 If properly utilized it could induce reverse brain drain.

3.6 Domestic market.

3.7 Outsourcing.

3.8 Attracting international business transactions.

3.9 Access to the Internet to deliver information and service via the internet.

3.10 Could be able to develop data communication infrastructure using the latest technology.

3.11 Virtual Private Network of the Government to deliver the product to different ministries.

3.12 Space segment available.

3.13 Ministry of Science and Technology to be the focal point in the execution and policy implementation for E-Governance and computerization of the government.

4. Constrains (Obstacles):

There are various obstacles to the promotion and implementation of IT in the Government. Some of the major problems faced in the implementation of IT to increase the efficiency in the government are as follows.

4.1. Infrastructure:

Although infrastructure specially, telecommunication power has been improving lately but it is not yet adequate in most parts of the country. It is only available in headquarter of the districts. It is PSTN line and main focus is given to the voice communication infrastructure. But here is not yet develop Data Communication parallel with equal importance. Even here is not concept of T1 and E1 line. Recently NTC (Nepal Telecommunication Center) is providing ISDN service. But existing telephone line also does not have sufficient bandwidth. Recently the government is processing for implementing fiber-optic connection in East-West Highway. Still government does not have the concept of backup connection, which is the most important part of network.

4.2. IT literacy:

In aggregate here is low level of IT literacy. Very few people who are working in government are known with IT and it?s importance. So there is an urgent need for widespread IT training for the employees on government in all over the country. Yes, recently there are lot IT institutes and collages are opening but they are also providing theoretical knowledge of IT. All should be aware with the practical benefits of the ICT.

4.3. Lack of Coordination:

Lack of coordination between G2G departments are generating the problem. Here is not coordination and integration among the IT professionals from the government, industry and private sector. It is essential because IT utilization and acquisition particularly in developing country like ours needs to interplay among all the stakeholders.

4.4. Training:

The curriculum of the various training Institutes should be designed to meet the human resource requirements for the conditions in the market and the Government as well. Or the government should have its own Training Institution catering the IT training needs of the government. Specially IT training institutes should lunch professional training courses and those should be practical oriented too.

4.5. IT policy:

Although government has declared IT policy in 2000. But it is not implemented so well. Policy should be appropriate and ensure that the policy addresses the IT problems from the grass root level.

4.6. IT Funds:

To provide effective and efficient service delivery we must use well infrastructure. To build well infrastructure we must invest sufficient fund. Providing ISDN, fiber-optic, T1, E1 service need lot investment. Building server warehouse, keeping power backup by UPS and dedicated lines as well as backup line to increase connection speeds to allow the users to send both voice and data transmissions is really challenging for fund generating.

4.7. Political Situation:

political situation should be stable for development of e-governance. Changing government day by day is not good symptoms for IT development in country. Also the terrorist attack on the NTC infrastructure is become thee main obstacle of this country. Government should give fully security to all it?s infrastructure.

5. How can we success?

5.1 Looking at the obstacles and barriers that hinder E-Governance, it has to be understood that management of technology in the public sector is a difficult task to say. Given that most government IT projects fail due to poor management and self-evaluation, a detailed list of criterion and factors in addition to the need for a concrete set of goals and objectives are discussed below 5.1. Start from simple and small project Initially from a fairly simple gateway should be implemented. With development of infrastructure and acceptance of E-Governance among the various entities, functions can be added in stages in future.

5.2. Promote awarenessPublic and employees have to be convinced of the importance and potential of E- Governance. Show it?s real benefits for there daily lives. Actively promote awareness of new services and how the user community can benefit from them.

5.3. Encourage and Support departmentsThe government should encourage and support its departments to make use of the Internet in their everyday work.

5.4. Involve top leadershipA strong leadership that firmly espouses the benefits of E-Government has to exist. Given the risks and losses, the leaders should firmly believe in the larger sphere of achievable gains. Strengthened with the necessary monetary and political influence, the leadership?s belief and conviction have to be passed down the hierarchy of the government, and into the public

5.5. Monitor AssessmentAs we move into more sophisticated phases, providing deeper interaction, each milestone crossed should be an opportunity to reassess the gains achieved, the losses and reassert the objectives.

5.6. StandardizeThe government should adopt established Internet standards and protocols minimizing customization thereby reducing the risks of software and compatibility problems. Also outsourcing of software application development and training allows for standardization.

5.7. Ensure securityTo win the trust of the public and businesses in their transactions with the government, a national level security mechanism has to be instituted to combat cyber- crime and fraud. As part of this policy, a body of security professionals should be setup to respond to threats and breaches. Also the need for a certification authority and a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) encryption system has to be given top-priority.

5.8. Think globallyPlan locally first, but keep the global user community in mind. Sample customers would be other governments, multinational companies, tourists, etc

5.9. Improve E-Readiness Self-assessment of the government is mandatory to measure the readiness aspect in e-governance. These include human resources, budgeting resources, inter/intra departmental communication flows, etc. Factors to measure society?s readiness include national infrastructure, economic stability, education, public/private sector, etc. are important as it will help in assessing, how prepared a society is for e-governance. Other key factors for readiness that demand consideration are:

egovernance-infrastructure

5.9.1. Telecommunication infrastructure:
Certain e-government applications
require considerable investment in national IT infrastructure. However, the

level of this infrastructure depends on the type of projects at issue.

5.9.2. Current connectivity:
This will help in understanding the government readiness in managing the projects, as well as, if the global standards are met.

5.9.3. Governmental human resources
Apart from the human resources in private
sector, sufficient number of skilled personnel within government is required.Accordingly, changes in the management issues need to be addressed.

5.9.4.Budget resources:
It is necessary to ensure the availability of the existing and expected budgetary resources, in order to achieve these goals. Also, crucial is the location of funds, i.e. centralized or not & allocation, i.e. a single agency or many departments.

5.9.5. E-Business atmosphere:
With respect to e-business, the criteria for assessing readiness include legal framework and security of the information.

5.10. Plan NationallyThe government?s evolution
into E-Governance should be part of a larger comprehensive IT framework creating
a common drive towards integration of technology.

5.11. Encourage private sector:
Government should play the role of facilitator and encourage private

E-Governance development and implementation. However it must protect the
consumer privacy and security.